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Ready Made Meals Military Asian Beef

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Packaged field ration from the US DoD

The contents of MRE Menu 2, Shredded Beef

A Meal, Gear up-to-Eat (MRE) is a self-contained, individual field ration in lightweight packaging purchased by the The states Section of Defence force for its service members for apply in gainsay or field conditions where other food is not available. While MREs should exist kept cool, they do non need to exist refrigerated. The MRE replaced the canned MCI, or Meal, Combat, Individual rations, in 1981,[1] and is the intended successor to the lighter LRP ration[ disputed – talk over ] developed past the US Regular army for Special Forces and Ranger patrol units in Vietnam. MREs have too been distributed to civilians during natural disasters.[2]

Since the 2010s, the term "MRE" is sometimes used informally in English language, (especially on the Net) equally a more general term for a field ration. The usage of the term was popular amid YouTube users, nigh notably Steven Andrew Thomas, an American YouTube personality specializing in field rations from different countries.[3]

History [edit]

External video
video icon "Comparing C-Rations to MREs Sgt. Neil Gussman"

Old days [edit]

The first U.Southward. soldier ration established by a Congressional Resolution, during the Revolutionary War, consisted of enough nutrient to feed a man for ane day, more often than not beefiness, peas, and rice.[iv] During the Ceremonious State of war, the U.S. military moved toward canned goods. Later, self-contained kits were issued equally a whole ration and independent canned meat, staff of life, coffee, sugar and salt. During the First Earth War, canned meats were replaced with lightweight preserved meats (salted or dried) to salve weight and let more than rations to be carried by soldiers carrying their supplies on pes. At the beginning of Globe War II, a number of new field rations were introduced, including the Mountain ration and the Jungle ration. However, toll-cut measures by Quartermaster Command officials during the latter function of World War 2 and the Korean State of war again saw the predominance of heavy canned C rations issued to troops, regardless of operating surroundings or mission.[five] During WWII, over 100 million cans of Spam were sent to the Pacific.[6] The use of canned moisture rations connected through the Vietnam State of war, with the improved MCI field ration.

Introduction [edit]

After repeated experiences with providing prepared rations to soldiers dating from earlier World War II, Pentagon officials ultimately realized that but providing a nutritionally balanced repast in the field was not acceptable. Service members in various geographic regions and combat situations often required different subsets of ingredients for nutrient to be considered palatable over long periods. Moreover, catering to private tastes and preferences would encourage service members to actually eat the whole ration and its nutrition. Most importantly, the use of specialized forces in farthermost environments and the necessity of carrying increasingly heavy field loads while on human foot during extended missions required significantly lighter alternatives to standard canned moisture rations.

In 1963, the Department of Defense began developing the "Meal, Ready to Eat," a ration that would rely on modern food grooming and packaging technology to create a lighter replacement for the canned Meal, Combat, Individual ration. In 1966, this led to the Long Range Patrol, or LRP ration, a dehydrated meal stored in a waterproof canvass pouch. Withal, just as with the Jungle ration, its expense compared to canned moisture rations, as well every bit the costs of stocking and storing a specialized field ration, led to its limited usage and repeated attempts at discontinuance by Quartermaster Command officials.[5]

Early MRE prototypes that involved freeze-dried and dehydrated foods were adult under Dr. Abdul Rahman, who subsequently received the Meritorious Civilian Service Award for his work.[7] All the same, farther work was needed to develop a ration that did non require re-hydration (thus non requiring boosted preparation time and h2o). Further effort, led by Dr. Rauno A. Lampi, Chief of Food Systems Equipment Sectionalisation at the Natick Soldier Research, Evolution and Engineering Center, concentrated on the refinement of the antiphon pouch to contain a wet ration with a 3-to-ten year shelf life that could be easily shipped, carried in the field, opened and consumed straight out of the package if necessary with no further heat or water. The resulting MRE went into special consequence starting in 1981 and standard event in 1986, using a limited menu of twelve entrées.[8]

Ongoing development [edit]

The MRE has been in continuous development since its introduction. In 1990, a Flameless Ration Heater (FRH), a h2o-activated exothermic reaction production that emits heat, allowed a service fellow member in the field to enjoy a hot meal. In an array of field tests and surveys, service members requested more entrée options and larger serving sizes. By 1994, commercial-similar graphics (images) were added to make the packets more user-friendly and appealing, while biodegradable materials were introduced for inedible components, such as spoons and napkins. The number of main dishes expanded to 16 by 1996 (including vegetarian options), 20 by 1997 and 24 by 1998. Today, the system includes 24 entrées, and more than 150 additional items.[nine] The variety allowed service members to trade them in gild to find something palatable across diverse cultures and geographical regions.

The ration originally came in a dark brown outer bag from 1981 to 1995 because it was designed for service in the temperate forests and plains of key Europe. It was replaced in 1996 with a tan outer bag that was improve suited for service in the deserts of the Middle East. By 2000, a bean burrito main dish was introduced.[10] In 2006, "Potable Bags" were introduced to the MRE, as service members accept begun to depend more on hydration packs than on canteens, thus denying them the utilise of the metal canteen cups (shaped to fit in a canteen pouch with the bottle) for mixing powdered beverages. In improver to having measuring marks to signal levels of liquid for precise measurement, they can be sealed and placed within the flameless heater.

Well-nigh recently, MREs have been developed using the Dietary Reference Intake, created by the Establish of Medicine (IOM). The IOM indicated servicemembers (who were classified equally highly active men between the ages of 18 and thirty) typically burn down about 4,200 Calories (kcal) a twenty-four hour period, but tended to just consume about 2,400 Calories a twenty-four hours during combat, entering a negative free energy rest. This imbalance occurs when servicemembers fail to consume full portions of their rations.[xi] Although manipulations to the food items and distribution of macronutrients to assist boost the amount of kilocalories per MRE have been fabricated, more studies are showing many servicemembers still do non run across today'southward standards of daily consumption, oft trading and discarding portions of the ration.[12] Researchers go along to report the habits and eating preferences of servicemembers, making constant changes that encourage servicemembers to eat the entire meal and thus get full nutritional value.[12]

In addition, the military has experimented with new assault ration prototypes, such as the Get-go Strike Ration and the HOOAH! Bar, designed with elite or specialized forces in listen. Lighter than the typical MRE, they crave no preparation and allow servicemembers to eat them while traveling.[13] In July 2009, half-dozen,300 dairy shake packets of varying flavors were recalled due to evidence of Salmonella contamination.[14]

Requirements [edit]

U.Southward. Army soldiers load MREs onto a CH-47 Chinook helicopter in September 2005.

Each repast provides about 1,200 calories (5,000 kJ).[fifteen] They are intended to be eaten for a maximum of 21 days (the supposition is that logistics units tin provide fresh nutrient rations by then), and take a minimum shelf life of three years (depending on storage atmospheric condition).[sixteen]

Packaging requirements are strict. MREs must be able to withstand parachute drops from 380 metres (1,250 ft), and non-parachute drops of 30 metres (98 ft). The packaging is required to maintain a minimum shelf life of three and a one-half years at 27 °C (81 °F), 9 months at 38 °C (100 °F), and brusk durations from −51 °C (−60 °F) to 49 °C (120 °F) must be sustainable. New forms of packaging are being considered to better meet these requirements including the use of zein to replace the foil, which can exist easily punctured, conducts heat, and is reflective (which may give away a servicemember'southward position).[17]

Each MRE weighs 510 to 740 grams (18 to 26 oz), depending on the bill of fare.[12] Since MREs contain water, they weigh more than freeze-stale meals providing equivalent calories.

Resale status [edit]

Every bit a result of earlier unauthorized sales to civilians, the Section of Defense requires that "U.S. Authorities Belongings, Commercial Resale is Unlawful" be printed on each case of MREs.[18] Despite the warning, there are no laws that forbid the resale of MREs, except by armed services personnel.[nineteen] Although the government has attempted to discourage sellers from selling MREs,[xx] auction sites such as eBay have continued to permit auctions of the MREs because the Department of Defence force has been unable to prove them any regulations or laws specifically outlawing the practice. According to a spokesman for eBay, "until a police force is passed saying you can't sell these things, we're non going to finish them from being sold on the site."[21] While MREs are not prima facie contraband, the procurement and sale of MREs by military personnel for personal profit is illegal under the Compatible Lawmaking of Military Justice Article 108.[22]

An investigation washed in 2006 for the US Government Accountability Office determined multiple instances where sellers on eBay may have improperly obtained MREs and sold them to the public for private gain.[eighteen] Equally military MREs are procured at tax payers' expense, they are intended to be consumed by individuals from authorized organizations and activities. Consequently, "if military MREs are sold to the general public on eBay, and then they are clearly not reaching their intended recipients and represent a waste material of taxpayer dollars and possible criminal action."[18] Further, MREs establish on eBay are typically older and closer to their expiration date, having been sourced in "neighborhood yard sales" and "Marine base dumpsters."[18]

The growth of MREs listed on eBay in 2005 resulted in a government investigation of whether they were intended for Hurricane Katrina victims, and the news media nickname "Meals Fix for eBay."[23] Some cases were being sold from Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida and other Gulf states afflicted by Katrina. The internal cost of a 12 pack case of MREs is $86.98 (approx. $7.25 a meal) to the regime, much higher than what's paid to vendors.[23] MREs can be purchased by civilians directly from the contractors who supply MREs to the United States Regime. These MREs are very similar to genuine US Government MREs, differing only in pocket-size details (i.e., pattern of case and handbag or blazon of spoon).[24]

In the Philippines, the government stopped MREs from being sold in local markets.[25]

Contents [edit]

An MRE contains a principal form, side dish, bread, dessert, and flameless ration heater

General contents may include:[26]

  • Main course (oft referred to as "the chief")
  • Side dish
  • Dessert or snack (oftentimes commercial candy, fortified pastry, first strike bar, or Soldier Fuel Bar.)
  • Crackers or breadstuff
  • Spread of cheese, peanut butter, or jelly
  • Powdered potable mix: fruit flavored drink, cocoa, instant coffee or tea, sport drink, or dairy shake.
  • Utensils (in rare occasions, a full set is included – with a spoon, fork and pocketknife – only nearly commonly only a plastic spoon is given)
  • Flameless ration heater (FRH)
  • Beverage mixing bag
  • Accessory pack:
    • Xylitol chewing glue
    • Water-resistant matchbook
    • Napkin / toilet paper
    • Moist towelette
    • Seasonings, including table salt, pepper, sugar, creamer, and/or Tabasco sauce
    • Freeze dried coffee powder

Many items are fortified with nutrients. In improver, DoD policy requires units to broaden MREs with fresh food and A-rations whenever feasible, specially in training environments.

[edit]

In an endeavour to make MREs more palatable to service members and match ever-changing trends in pop tastes, the military is constantly seeking feedback to accommodate MRE menus and ingredients. In the following list, only main entrees are listed.[27] Vegetarian menus are marked on their beginning appearance. [veg 1]

  1. ^ a b c d e f thou h i j grand fifty thousand due north Vegetarian menu, only beginning appearance marked

Date codes [edit]

The cases of MREs and their variants ordinarily are marked with the production date in the American way: 2-digit Month / 2-digit Day / 4-digit Year (e.g., Nov 24, 1996 would be rendered as eleven/24/1996). This is followed past the Lot Number, a four-digit Julian engagement code that is also repeated on the private components in the MREs. The kickoff digit is the last digit of the Year (eastward.m., 0 could be equal to 2010 or 2020, 1 could be equal to 2001 or 2011, and 9 could be equal to 2009 or 2019). The side by side 3 digits are equal to the day of the twelvemonth (i.e., 001 to 366). "1068" could be equal to the 68th day of 2001 or 2011, for example March 9, 2001.[28]

The cases are besides stamped with the Inspection / Test Engagement, which is in the same format as the Packing Appointment (e.grand., October 1994 would be rendered as "10/94"). Rations optimally must be kept in a absurd, dry place during storage. If the rations are stored at 80° for 3 consecutive years, they would accomplish the cease of their shelf life. They are often inspected past the U.Due south. Regular army veterinarian food personnel and their shelf life may extend beyond the inspection examination date.[29] Rations are discarded later 5 years.[ citation needed ]

Civilian employ [edit]

MREs have also been distributed to civilians during natural disasters.[ii] The National Guard has provided MREs to the public during national disasters, such as Hurricanes Katrina, Ike, and Sandy; and the 2011 Super Outbreak. The large number of civilians exposed to MREs prompted several jokes during the recent New Orleans Mardi Gras, with revellers donning clothing made of MRE packets with phrases such as "MRE Antoinette" (referring to Marie Antoinette; the wife of King Louis XVI) and "Man Ready to Swallow."[ citation needed ]

The use of rations for noncombat environments has been questioned.[12] [ by whom? ] While the nutritional requirements are suitable for a combat environs where servicemembers will burn many calories and lose much sodium through sweat, information technology has been provided as emergency food or even as a standard meal. The loftier-fatty (averaging about 52 grams of fat, 5 grams trans fats) and high-common salt content are less than ideal for sedentary situations.[ commendation needed ] The HDR and TOTM account for this nutritional need.[ citation needed ]

Criticisms [edit]

Some of the early MRE main courses were not very palatable, earning them the nicknames "Meals Rejected by Everyone,"[30] "Meals Rejected by Ethiopia" (during the 1983–1985 famine in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia), or "Meals Rarely Edible."[31] Some individual portions had their own nicknames. For example, the frankfurters, which came sealed in pouches of four, were referred to equally "the iv fingers of decease."[thirty] Although quality has improved over the years, many of the nicknames take stuck. MREs were sometimes called "Iii Lies for the Toll of 1 ... it's not a Meal, it'due south non Ready, and you can't Eat it."[32] As late as the 2010 deployment to Afghanistan, one veteran in November 2019 characterized MRE (the traditional Thanksgiving meal had been destroyed in an attack, and the standard MRE shipment partially destroyed), as "accursed things."[33]

New Orleans Mardi Gras revelers in 2006 dressed in coats fabricated from MRE packaging

Their low dietary fiber content could cause constipation in some, so they were also known every bit "Meals Requiring Enemas," "Meals Refusing to Leave,"[34] [35] "Meals Refusing to Excrete," or "Massive Rectal Expulsions." While the laxative effect of xylitol sweetener (if excessively consumed) may contribute to a myth that the gum institute in MREs contains a laxative, the crackers in the ration pack exercise contain a higher than normal vegetable content to facilitate digestion. In Dec 2006, comedian Al Franken (on his eighth United Service Organizations tour at the time) joked to troops in Iraq that he had his fifth MRE then far and "none of them had an exit strategy."[36]

A superstition exists among troops about the Charms candies that come with some menus: they are considered bad luck, especially if actually eaten.[37] Some attribute this to a case of a dislike becoming a superstition (i.due east., non eating them 'just in case' or because it might make ane's comrades uneasy).[ citation needed ]

In March 2007, The Common salt Lake Tribune invited iii gourmet chefs to gustatory modality-examination 18 MRE meals. None of the meals rated higher than a 5.7 average on a calibration of 1-to-10, and the chicken fajita meal, in detail, was singled out for disdain, rating an boilerplate score of 1.3.[38] [39] Early in the war in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, among the international troops who mingle at Bagram Air Base, a single French 24 hour (iii meal) combat ration (cassoulet, perchance, with deer pâté and nougat) could be traded for at least five American Meals Ready to Eat.[40]

The vegetable cheese omelet MRE, Recipe No. four, introduced in 2005, is generally considered the worst e'er. Soldiers serving in Iraq dubbed it the "Vomelet," both for its appearance and taste. Information technology was discontinued in 2009.[41]

Variants and like rations [edit]

Halal ration

Tailored Operational Training Meal

Aircrew Build to Lodge Meal Module

The MRE has led to the creation of several similar field rations.

Aircrew Build to Order Meal Module (ABOMM) are a special variant consisting of repacking existing MRE food elements into a form that provides war machine flight crews and tank operators with a meal designed to be eaten on the become or while operating their aircraft or ground vehicle without the employ of utensils, and packaged for use in bars spaces.[42]

MRE Kosher/Halal [edit]

For servicemembers with strict religious dietary requirements, the military offers the specialized Meal, Religious, Kosher/Halal.[43] These are tailored to provide the same nutritional content, but volition not contain offending ingredients.[44] The entrees come up in distinct stylized packaging with a colour movie of the prepared entree on it (like civilian pre-fabricated meals) and the nutrient accessories come in commercial packaging. Kosher entrees are marked "Glatt Kosher" in Hebrew and English, while halal entrees are marked "Dhabiha Halal" in Arabic and English. The meals come in cases of 12 that weigh 18 lbs (8 kg) and have a volume of ane.iv cubic feet (40 L). To continue with dietary laws, the entree and accompaniment packets are packed in two separate inner boxes in an outer case and come in kosher or halal only (the two special ration types are never mixed in a shipping case).

The original meals were kosher just and came in 4 Beef, four Chicken, ii Salmon, and 2 Gefilte Fish menus. The meals now come in Beefiness, Lamb, Chicken, Vegetarian, and Pasta dishes. The entrees are a mixture of traditional Eye-Eastern and Southwest-Asian dishes (like Lamb & Vegetable Jalfrezi or Curried Craven with Basmati Rice, Lentils, and Vegetables) and Western dishes (like Vegetable Ratatouille, Florentine-style Vegetable Lasagna, or New Orleans Gumbo with Chicken). Each menu contains an average of 1200 kilocalories and has a shelf life of 3 to 10 months.

At that place is also a special kosher repast certified for Passover requirements.[45] The "Passover Ration" (officially chosen the Meal, Religious, Kosher for Passover) contains packages of Matzoh crackers and has beef, chicken (served on the bone), or salmon entrees. Each repast is in its ain packet and come 12 packets to a case.

MRE religious certification [edit]

The Humanitarian Daily Ration (HDR) is a self-contained Halal meal designed to be given to refugees and other displaced people. It is designed to feed a single person for a full day, and the menus were intended to be palatable to many religious and cultural tastes around the globe. To come across this goal, no animal products or by-products, no alcohol or booze-based products, and minimal dairy products are used in their production. It is otherwise created and packaged much like MREs; feedback from the Afghanistan campaign led to the interior packing being reinforced to withstand being air-dropped, every bit the packets sometimes ruptured on impact. The outer bag is tinted a high-visibility red or yellow and has an American flag and a picture of a person eating out of the bag with a spoon. There are usually instructions printed on it in English and 1 or more local languages as well.

A Meal, Cold Weather (MCW) and a Meal, Long Range Patrol (LRP).

In extreme cold temperatures, the packaged moisture nutrient in MREs can freeze solid, rendering the nutrient inedible and the heating packet insufficient. The Repast, Cold Weather (MCW) provides a ration similar to the MRE designed for lower temperatures than the MRE tin withstand. Clad in white packaging, it offers a freeze-dried entree designed to exist eaten with heated water, the same side ingredients as the standard MRE, and additional drink mixes to encourage boosted hydration. The caloric and fatty content of the meals is as well increased.[46] The MCW replaced the Ration, Cold Weather (RCW).[47]

The Meal, Alternative Regionally Customized (MARC) is a self-contained, shelf-stable meal adult by U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM)/Natick, Private Combat Ration Team (ICRT), Combat Feeding Advisers (CFD). MARCs were developed specifically for detainees at Guantanamo Bay, and accept since plant wider spread apply, notably Iraq and Transitional islamic state of afghanistan. MARC meals are entirely vegetarian equally an easy way to forbid conflicts with culturally "prohibited products" (Islam and Judaism forbidding pork, Hindus avoiding beefiness, etc). However, they are neither Kosher nor Halal certified. Many of the menus available have a Southeast Asian or Indian way to them (Saag Chole, curried vegetables), but others are simply the equivalent of vegetarian MREs (Cheese Tortellini, Minestrone).[48]

The Meal, Long Range Patrol (LRP) is essentially the same as the MCW, simply with different accessory packs. The MLRP is designed for troops who may receive limited or no resupply, and weight of the ration is critical.[46] The similar First Strike Ration is forth the same lines, just requires no grooming and may be eaten on the go.

MRE special requirements [edit]

The Modular Operational Rations Enhancement (MORE) is issued equally a supplement to meals for troops in farthermost, demanding operational environments such as high-intensity training events.[49]

The Tailored Operational Preparation Meal (TOTM) offset entered service in May 2001. Information technology provides a lower calorie count (an boilerplate of 997 kilocalories) for less intensive preparation environments, such as classroom instruction. Information technology replaces the earlier mess-hall bagged lunches, catered meals or field kitchens for field instruction. The TOTM allows troops to become familiar with the MRE and its contents without providing an excessive corporeality of calories to troops who will non necessarily fire them. It uses a transparent outer plastic bag with commercial markings rather than the MRE'due south tan plastic bag with standard markings. There are currently 3 different lists of twelve menus, making a full of 36 unlike meals. Each TOTM ration case is packed with a full card of 12 assorted meals, weighs nigh 20 lbs (9 kg) , and is 0.95 cubic anxiety (27 50). The TOTM has a more than limited shelf-life than the MRE, with a duration of only 12 to 18 months.[50]

The Unitized Group Ration (UGR) is a ration much like the MRE, but expanded to feed large groups. It comes packed in sealed metal trays that are heated and so opened.

The Food Parcel, Survival, General Purpose, Improved (FPSGPI) is given to pilots and other servicemembers that may require a small, extremely portable food ration for emergencies. It contains food confined and a drink mix.[51] Similarly, the Food Packet, Survival, Abandon Send (FPSAS) and Nutrient Packet, Survival, Aircraft, Life Raft (FPSALR) are fitted into the storage areas on lifeboats.[52] [53]

The "Jimmy Dean," a pre-packaged shelf-stable ration containing, amid other items, a pre-made Jimmy Dean brand deli-manner sandwich, is oftentimes issued in the field to U.S. servicemen equally an alternative to MREs.[54]

Meet also [edit]

  • Airline meal
  • Camping ground food
  • Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center — prime programmer of the MRE
  • Military chocolate (United States)
  • Individual Meal Pack – Canadian equivalent to the MRE
  • Listing of military food topics
  • Infinite nutrient

References [edit]

  1. ^ Mason, Five.C., Meyer, A.V., and Klicka, M.V., Summary of Operational Rations, Natick, MA: U.S. Army Natick Research & Development Laboratory Technical Report TR-82/013 (June 1982): The MRE was officially type-classified for adoption in 1975 but due to budget cuts was not officially placed into production until 1981; stocks of the MCI continued to be issued until exhausted.
  2. ^ a b https://www.ucl.ac.uk/rdr/teaching/acc-take a chance-disaster-reduction/mres [ permanent expressionless link ]
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  45. ^ "Repast, Religious, Kosher for Passover factsheet by the Defense force Logistics Agency". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  46. ^ a b Meal, Common cold Atmospheric condition/Long Range Patrol factsheet by the Defense Logistics Agency
  47. ^ "Ration, Cold Weather". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  48. ^ "Meal, Culling Regionally Customized (MARC)". www.dla.mil . Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  49. ^ Joseph Zanchi and Alexandra Foran, U.S. Ground forces NSRDEC (10 March 2014) More than is better when it comes to nutrient rations
    • GUIDON Staff (23 Jan 2020) FLW issues MOREs to trainees 1,000 boosted calories
  50. ^ "Tailored Operational Grooming Repast (TOTM)". Defense Logistics Agency . Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  51. ^ "Nutrient Packet, Survival, Full general Purpose, Improved factsheet by the Defense force Logistics Agency". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  52. ^ "Food Bundle, Survival, Abandon Send factsheet by the Defense Logistics Agency". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  53. ^ "Food Package, Survival, Aircraft, Life Raft factsheet by the Defense force Logistics Bureau". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  54. ^ "U.S. Jimmy Dean - MREInfo.com". www.mreinfo.com . Retrieved 19 March 2019.

Further reading [edit]

  • Marx de Salcedo, Anastacia (2015). Combat-ready Kitchen: How the U.S. military shapes the way you lot eat. New York: Current/Penguin. ISBN9781101601648.

External links [edit]

  • Operational Rations of the Department of Defence, ninth Edition
  • How MREs Work
  • NPR All Things Considered, mentions the new MRE bill of fare for 2004 (at 5 minutes 02 seconds)
  • Military Packages Put Technology to the Test
  • MRE sense of taste test: Airman staff goes tactical to spill the beans on meals, prepare to consume
  • Military machine buys special meals for Jewish, Muslim troops
  • MREInfo.com – Complete source of information on MREs both in US and International
  • Set To Eat! thirty Years of the MRE
  • The Eat of Battle - how the World'south Armies get fed
  • How long practice MRES last
  • Easy MRE: Your Definitive Guide to Survival Foods, MREs, and Prepping

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal,_Ready-to-Eat

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